What effect does radiation primarily have on living cells?

Radiation primarily ionizes molecules within living cells, which can lead to various forms of cellular damage. This ionization process involves the removal of tightly bound electrons from atoms, resulting in charged particles, or ions, that can disrupt molecular structures. When this happens, essential cellular components, such as DNA, proteins, and cell membranes can be adversely affected.

The damage caused by radiation can lead to mutations in DNA, interfering with normal cellular functions and potentially resulting in cell death or the development of cancer over time. The capacity of radiation to ionize and damage cells is significant, especially in tissues that are rapidly dividing, as they are more susceptible to the detrimental effects of ionizing radiation. Understanding this fundamental concept is crucial when studying the impact of radiation on living organisms and its applications in fields such as medicine and radiation safety.